Through the mixture
of these traditional stereotypical traits, androgyny could create an
understanding, appreciative and respectful community. Chief executive of Women’s Aid Polly Neet states that ‘given the other cultural factors are
bombarding young people which give very different messages about relationships’.
This outlines that sexualised music videos create a culture which inhibits the
progression of gender equality, because of the ideologies shaped by the media.
Dilley.S.2015
TV documentaries
MEN AT WAR- Reggie Yates' extreme UK
'think the real victims of sex discrimination are guys'
'women are no longer trained to submit to a man to serve a man
'concerted attempt to shut men up.''
''social media becomes a weapon weapon of hate'' (manosphere)
growing idea's: Adam:'Feminism is a fashionable cause'
Dapper, Comedian Daniel O'Reily built an online audince in the millions, had a ,maintraem TV series but his jokes were branded sexists adn misogynistic when he made a joke about rape at a gig and found him self defending his whole act at news night
'just show her your penis if she cries she is playing hard to get'
'if i say something on stage and someone goes out and does it, thy're screwed in the head, thats got nothing to do with me.'
Reggie: 'he is normalsing
Miss representation Documentary 2011-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2UZZV3xU6Q
' the most common way people give away their power is by thinking they dont have any'
Alice walker
'the media is the message and the messenger' Pat Mitchel, former president and CEO of PBS
In a world of a million channels, people try to do more shocking and shocking things to break through the clutter, they resort to violent images or sexually offensive images or demeaning images' Jim Stayer, CEO common sense media, Lawyer and professor of civil rights Stanford university
The media is sending a dangerous message to young people'
'there is no appreciation for women intellectuals, its about the body not bout the brain' high school student
'The fact that media are so derogatory towards to teh most powerful women in the country, then what does it say about media's ability to take any woman in America seriously' Jennifer Pozner- Executive director Women in media and news, Author reality bites back
'As a culture women are brought up to be fundamentally insecure' Lisa Ling Executive producer and Host \Owns our America
'Media creates consciousness' Jane Fonda academy award winning Actor and Activist
'media can be an instrument of change it can awaken people and change minds it depends on who's piloting the plane' Katie Couric anchor CBS evening news
'if you think about media and technology, they're delivering content, that is shaping our society' Jim Syster (thyere brains and lives and emotions)
'image is powerful but also image is superficial'
'very little we can do to transform how we look, though it is superficial and immutable has a huge impact on our lives'
'im a pretty white woman and in my industry we call that a sexy girl'
genetic lottery and I am the recipient of a legacy'
less than 4% non white models - 2007 PHD student counted models on the runway
being a model 'out of your control' not a career path
'these are not pictures of me they are constructions and they are by professionals hair stylists make-up artists photographers and stylists and all their assistants and pre production and post production, and they build this, that's not me.'
'53% of 13 year old American girls unhappy with their bodies, this grows to 78% by the time they are 17' (Maine 2007)
'the thing I have never said on camera is that im insecure, because I have to think about hat i look like everyday'
'thinnest thieghs' happy?
'tthey changed her appearance in order to make her more credible, which is absolutely ridiculous' she had to dress up in a more masculine, sort of masculine hair cut, lot more suits on CBS
'frequently i feel like there are terms and description of woman' KATE DAWSON-Journalism instructor
'we still have the stereotypes in pace' Annalee Norman -woman and gender studies senior
society and culture likes to say that we're so progressive and we've come so far but, i mean the truth of the matter is that we sill have those kind of steortypes'
and the media is such as contributing factor to that because we're bombarded with these images'
'she was caring to the community and had years of experience and my station director decided to let her go, because he thought she had gotten to fat and was getting a little bit over the hill in terms of her age. and for me it was really sad, because it was a clear indication that woman were judged on certain factors than men were judged on. there were men in the station that were older and there were men on the station that were heavier. AIMEE MEADER- FORMER NEWS PRODUCER
what can the media to improve the representation of woman?
'compelling interesting story'
Lulu 16 UK
'alot of boys will be like 'oh are you a virgin?' and if a girl said yes they'd be like 'but your 15 or your 16 like is it not time?'
'theres alot of pressure on girls definitely in this country '
woman make 23% of parliament
'we cant just wait for gender equality to magically appear but it will take millions of individuals decisions by teachers by parents by boys and by girls themselves'
presenter -Ross Atkins Producer and Directer Gemma Newby.
Academic texts/books
http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewco
ntent.cgi?article=3623&context=etd
Too much, too young
Are advertisers
sexualising childhood?
https://www.asa.org.uk/~/media/Files/ASA/Reports/Stakeholder%20event%202011_Too%20much%20too%20young.ashx
Hypersexualization of young girls: What are the issues? Should we be worried?
http://www.cwhn.ca/en/hypersexualizationprimer2
pluralist approach
diffusion theory
direct/indirect affect theories
cultivation theory
hypodermic needle theory
http://www.slideshare.net/belair1981/audience-the-effects-debate
perpetuating rape culture means that women cannot be as sexually experimental as they wish to be
illustrate the perpetuating rape culture in western societies through gender inequality.
https://www.academia.edu/8995306/Reading_Between_the_Blurred_Lines_A_discussion_into_the_representation_of_rape_and_rape_culture_in_contemporary_fiction
uploaded by Alice Davis -on academia
(a minimum of five, including author/full title/year, e.g.:)
Automatic Woman: The Representation of Woman in Surrealism: The Representation of Women in Surrealism Katharine Conley
Gender, Branding, and the Modern Music Industry: The Social Construction of ...
By Kristin Lieb
'a path that emphasizes sex and shock value over musical talent'
'she sings 'i want your love' and then dances in her bra and panties before ending up scorched on her bed by the video's end' -demonstrates sexual activities
'the pace of communication, accelerated by 24 hour television news cycles and the 24 hour social cycle offered by the internet and widely adopted social media platforms, has compelled celebrities to strategize continuously to remain culturally relevant. '
'celebrities have become dynamic brands that maintain overreaching themes through music a mere subset of their larger ongoing cable and online personalities'
'on the other hand we have a theory that supports receiver/ audiences as having agency- that is, the ability to make their own discriminating choices based on the information they receive.'
'powerful music-first singers who resonate deeply with their audiences, but aren't as hyper sexualized as most contemporary female popular music star. But based on their limits of our social system, our modern music industry, our country's gender norms and expectations, and our capitalist business ideals, we don't often make this gamble, opting instead to prioritize packaging over talent'
'female pop stars are held to rigid standards of appearance and beauty that box them into a small number of highly patterned types'
'while preforming as a man. Gaga wore a baggy t-shirt and jeans, which focused the camera's attention on her fierce vocal and musical performance- a refreshing change'
'gaga counts on these negotiated and oppositional readings (hall 198) of her preference to keep her image fresh and provocative. the more people talk about what she means, the more she is talked about, and the more she ultimately means'
'the two step flow theory (katz and lazarsfeld 1955), for example, posited that mass media efforts affected opinion leaders, who, in turn, influenced the thoughts and opinions of the audience'
'today, we may argue that Jon Stewart, Rachel Maddow and Lady Gaga wield more influence over collegeaged voters than, say, official government sources'
Music Video and the Politics of Representation
By Diane Railton, Paul Watson https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FjcKyoB78DEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=representation+of+woman+in+music+book&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDQQ6AEwA2oVChMIjK2Kpfa4yAIViboaCh3KZwAU#v=onepage&q=representation%20of%20woman%20in%20music%20book&f=false
'in terms of music video, negative images and misrepresentations are often those that are identified as sexually exploitive- images in which woman are depicted simply as bodies or body parts to be observed and desired rather than social agents who have complex desires and drives of their own.'
'woman are variously misrepresented, falsely represented, negatively represented, or simply not represented at all, and, on the other, to celebrate positive images of women, that is to say, images deemed valuable in promoting boarder range of possibilities, opportunities and capabilities for women'
'the reoccurring images of woman in popular media have some influence on how people think of women in real life'
'these images (of women are that) there are a range of ways of inhibiting a female body' (occupying)
female artists at the top of the industry continue to sell record-breaking numbers of units, even at a time when over all industry sales have withered'
'but precious few artists achieve such heights, and those who do increasingly rely on sex appeal'
opinion leaders, particularly n the highly fragmented world of new media, help audiences to contextualise information or to frame it (Entman, 1993) in ways that make it easy for people to understand from their given social locations. Framing acts as cultural SHORTHAND, emphasizing certain idea's while minimizing or ignoring others(Entman 1993). '
extra links..
'women in objectifying or exploitative frameworks claim to act out of personal choice, for their own enjoyment and individualist advancement.'
a new York times article epitomizes post-feminist contradictions, showcasing several women DJs who are embracing their role as arbiters of urban fashion now that their musical skills have been taken into account. As one woman says 'just to be able to blend records is not enough any more, you have to have a look'
'women face renewed pressure to cultivate their appearance'
'some feel that gender has not played a memorable role in their artistic and professional experiences; others argue that cultural idea's about gender significantly inform expectations about musical and technical competence'
https://www.questia.com/library/communication/media-studies/media-images-of-women
top link navigated to the link below
https://www.questia.com/read/102713788/media-gender-and-identity-an-introduction
book:
Media, Gender, and Identity: An Introduction
By David GauntlettRoutledge, 2002
There is even a noisy minority who argue that feminism has ‘gone too far’and that it is now men who have the worst deal in society (Farrell, 2001).
magazines for womenencourage their readers to be assertive and independent. Pop stars like Destiny’s Child, and othermedia icons such as Oprah Winfrey, convey the same message.
modern perspective:
Modern women arenot generally bothered about fitting their identity within the idea of ‘femininity’, perhaps because feminists never really sought to revise femininity, preferring to dispose of the fluffy, passiveconcept altogether. Femininity is not a core value for women today. Instead, being ‘feminine’ isjust one of the performances that women can choose to employ in everyday life - perhaps forpleasure, or to achieve a particular goal.
digital media influence:
but as online magazines and general entertainmentsites become increasingly popular, and these merge with digital television, electronic mediabecomes yet another source of gender information.
https://www.questia.com/
https://www.questia.com/read/102713782/media-gender-and-identity-an-introduction
INTERNET LINKS
1) Is The Music Industry Still Male-Dominated? We Ask The Women Working In It...
http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/blogs/547787/is-music-still-a-male-dominated-industry-we-ask-the-women-working-in-it.html
- 'I think this stems back to the 80s and 90s when the industry was very male-dominated and women were seen mainly as receptionists and PAs. These days women are breaking through and climbing their way up the ladder to work towards more senior positions.'
- 'I’ve never been so shocked and those quotes have stayed with me forever. Never should appearance or age be a factor and I would put money on the same conversation being very different if I was male.'
Libby Maguire
2) SKY NEWS: Campaign To Tackle Abusive Teen Relationships
http://news.sky.com/story/1600313/campaign-to-tackle-abusive-teen-relationships
- Chief executive of Womens’ Aid Polly Neet said: "Given the other cultural factors that are bombarding young people, which give very different messages about relationships, and given the power behind those factors, this investment is a bit of a drop in the ocean."
http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/sexualised-music-videos-only-teach-women-how-to-sell-out/story-fni0cwl5-1227070613498
- These female artists are selling the message that women are nothing more than accessories. Women are only of value as sexual objects. My daughters and your daughters are taught to conform to this narrow sexualised, unhealthy norm.
- The message is incessant. Our boys grow up believing girls are really only here to be a boy’s “new thang”.
- Girls accept that if they’re to be valuable to someone, they’d better be “sexy”.
- Girls who are exposed to sexualised content are more likely to endorse gender stereotypes and place attractiveness as central to a woman’s value. Boys who are exposed to this content are more likely to sexually harass females, and have inappropriate expectations of them.
Ban underfed and underage models in fashion, MPs urged
- Health experts who also addressed the panel of MPs said eating disorders could not just be assessed on appearance. “You wouldn’t be able to see if a girl has thin bones, you wouldn’t be able to see if they weren’t having periods, you wouldn’t be able to see if they had mental health issues,” the GP Dr Ellie Cannon told the Guardian after giving evidence.
relevant because the women in the music vid are models
- Models 1’s Horner said there was very limited demand for plus-size models. “They are paid less than regular models, there is certainly discrimination there,”
- “Every time I went into an agency, I was prodded and poked and measured with a tape measure,” she said. “I used to dread it.”
- Police investigate
'fat-shaming' cards handed out on London tube
“I am not upset myself. I am smaller than the national average and not exactly
obese, but this is hateful and cowardly and could potentially upset people
struggling with confidence and eating disorders.
- ‘I was sexually assaulted by a fellow student – but my university did nothing’
one in three female students experience sexual assault.
- The Telegraph’s survey of 1,000 undergraduates across the UK, conducted by
YouthSight, found that 97 per cent of these female students did not report the
assault to their university,
- with 44 per cent saying that they did not think the
university would do anything in response.
- More than a third of women at
university (35 per cent) said they have worried about sexual assault by other
students.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11340661/I-was-sexually-assaulted-by-a-fellow-student-but-my-university-did-nothing.html
- A lack of clothes is not the problem with music videos today- http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2010/mar/01/music-video-lady-gaga-beyonce
Videos featuring underdressed women or "sexual posing" should be kept off television screens until after the watershed, according to recommendations in a report written by Dr Linda Papadopoulos, a noted television-friendly celebrity psychologist.
The report also seems to suggest that young people watch up to two and a half HOURS of music videos a day,'
Yes, there are many videos where women are objectified, represented as prey or easy pickings, or as something as commonplace and moist and underclothed as a mostly-peeled overripe satsuma. But to suggest the solution to this is blanket bans and sweeping overstatements is ridiculous
- gender and racial inequality in music videos- http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-womens-blog-with-jane-martinson/2013/sep/02/music-video-black-women-sex-objects
women are sexualised in specific ways, seen as inherently sexual and animalistic, with a heavy focus on body shape, particularly the posterior.
These representations are not limited to one genre of music. The video for indie rock quartet Wraith by Peace also depicts racialised sexual objectification
Gender and racial inequality continue to exhibit themselves in new ways. Now they appear to be considered fashionable, ironic, entertaining or even aesthetically highbrow.
In many ways, inequality has thrived on social media
- sexism and racism in music video's- http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/08/sexism-and-racism-permeate-music-videos-new-report
found that women – especially black women – were routinely portrayed in a hyper-sexualised fashion
videos portray men as the characters with “power and dominance, and women as passive recipients of their ‘gaze’.
One study found viewers were more likely to make excuses for perpetrators of “acquaintance rape”.
We believe in women’s right to self-expression and freedom of movement. Our concern is how the music industry uses music videos as yet another vehicle to colonise and commodify black women’s bodies.
- Feminists fall out on Rihannas 'violent, mysogynistic' video- http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jul/04/feminists-fall-out-over-rihanna-video
Vogue.com columnist Karley Sciortino said: “It’s good to normalise the female body. In so many music videos where you see nudity, it’s framed in these really specific ways: abstract female body parts just looking hot. When Rihanna’s naked she isn’t posing in a hypersexual way, she’s covered in blood and she’ll cut your dick off. She looks powerful, but it’s almost casual, normalised. It’s about showing a powerful representation of the female body, where women are in charge of the way that they’re being viewed.”
- Miley Cyrus- does the music industry exploit women?- http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/07/miley-cyrus-music-business-women-sinead-oconnor
it is incredibly distressing that young girls' idols are constantly teaching them that their willingness to "party" is a girl's strongest suit: not their brains, or their sense of humour, or their own unique way with a key change
Pop performers – male and female – are often exploited by managers and record companies, but I don't believe that Cyrus is being forced to twerk by her handlers. She knows what she is doing
Ultimately, Cyrus's nakedness happens in the context of a cultural industry still run largely by men, filmed largely by men, produced largely by men, in which men stand to gain from women's gyrations, financially and lubriciously. We need an end to misogyny across everything, everywhere. -
Kitty Empire is a music critic for The Observer
the music business is a capitalist patriarchy-
Alex Macpherson is a music critic
I question empowerment expressed in this way but I also ask why we, as women, can't be proud of our sexuality? It's a strange pendulum of morals and liberation.
VV Brown is a musician
'To my children, singers stripping off is the norm
female singers stripping off and imitating sex acts while singing is the norm. Sex always sells but why is it nearly always female singers prostituting their bodies?
come into place next year and little is known as yet how much they will tackle sexualised images of women and girls. Classifications are a blunt tool but they work for films, largely, so why not music?
Jane Martinson is the Guardian's women's editor
University websites/academic papers online.
Although the student guild at the University of Exeter has not banned the song, it did condemn it, saying: "A song that implies a woman is 'an animal' who 'wants it' because of the way she is dressed is not acceptable."
"The language within the lyrics and the images within the promotional video are utterly degrading to the female subject.
'More than 20 university unions around Britain have now banned Robin Thicke's hit for its sexual politics '
LYRIC'S
Blurred Lines has been widely criticised for appearing to glorify rape and violent sex, with lyrics including "I know you want it", "I'll give you something big enough to tear your ass in two", and "Nothing like your last guy, he too square for you/ He don't smack that ass and pull your hair like that."
Thicke has defended the song, telling one interviewer: "If you listen to the lyrics, it says 'That man is not your maker' – it's actually a feminist movement within itself."
http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/may/29/pharrell-sexually-suggestive-blurred-lines-the-new-black-hillary-clinton
PHARRELLTRYING TO JUSTIFY HIM SELF
''Pharrell: Is it sexually suggestive when a salesman says 'I know you want it?'' (article name) ''We're too busy telling them what they can or can't do with their bodies.''
''As well justifying the video's nudity by comparing it to that of a fashion shoot, Williams also defends rapper TI's lyric, 'I'll give you something big enough to tear your ass in two.''
“Why should I be uncomfortable [with that line]? I love women inside and out. That line was meant for women to hear that song and say, you know what? I'm a good woman and sometimes I do have bad thoughts,” he says, before further implying that the song can empower women when used as a declaration of sexual liberation.
- claims by student leaders that it encourages sexual harassment, "rape culture and lad banter".
- Beats Pill advert was sexist, degrading to women, and too "overtly sexual" for underage viewers. According to the official report, "some complainants [also] challenged whether the models featured were irresponsibly thin". (WOMEN IN THE VIDEO RESPONSIBLE?)
- On Wednesday, the ASA dismissed most of these complaints, agreeing with Beats Electronics' argument that the commercial depicts "confident, self-assured [women] who [are] not subservient to the male character". The authority said that although some viewers might find certain shots distasteful, the ad was "[not] likely to result in widespread or serious offence". It also declared that the featured models, while slim, "did not look underweight".
- The authority found that, even if children did not understand the advert's innuendo, there were enough "headless bodies and … sexually suggestive scenes"
- Thicke has not always denied accusations that his Blurred Lines video is misogynistic. "What a pleasure it is to [finally] degrade a woman," he told GQ before the scandal erupted. "I've never gotten to do that before."
MEDIA MAGAZINE : put into biography
MM32:
'represented. If, on the other
hand, one believes that representations are
constructed in order to fit in with mainstream
hegemonic values, then we could assume that
ideological messages around fat being bad, or fat
being associated with laziness, gluttony or even
poverty and lack of education,'
page 22
seeing celebrities slim or fat
They support the Effects model, where we,
the passive audience, absorb the messages of
media, unable to think for ourselves.
page 23
Such debates are similar to the size zero
debate – the idea that the prevalence of skinny
models encourages anorexia and extreme
dieting among young girls.
page 23
most celebrities have
unrealistic and extreme body shapes? Models
are unnaturally thin, sport stars are unnaturally
toned, Madonna requires constant input from
a personal trainer and a personal chef and,
aged 50, spends half her life in the gym to keep
her figure.
page 24
Allen’s representation of
the young, modern female will resonate with many
members of her audience,
page 47
I’ll take my clothes off and it will be shameless
Coz everyone knows that’s how you get famous.
-LILLY ALLEN
page 47
MM34
In the early 1970s the cultural critic John
Berger summarised the way in which gender was
represented in the media through visual images:
Men act and women appear. Men look at
women. Women watch themselves being
looked at.
Berger 1972
page 65
the ‘men active: women passive’
1975 Laura Mulvi
In a world ordered by sexual imbalance,
pleasure in looking has been split between
active/male and passive/female.
age 65
{To what extent do you think Berger’s and
Mulvey’s statements from nearly 40 years ago
hold true today? At the time they were writing,
women were undoubtedly second-class citizens.}
HISTORICAL
that although women may be
constructed as more dynamic characters on film
than in the 1960s, they are only represented as
being independent of men a minority of the time.
page 66
Where have all the interesting women gone?
If the contemporary portrayal of womankind
were to be believed, contemporary female
achievement would culminate in the
ownership of expensive handbags, a vibrator,
a job, a flat and a man – probably in that
order.
page 67
Occasionally
the media does represent women as powerful
and independent characters, and yet they still
almost invariably require a man to tell them
what to do. The ideologies of male dominance
and patriarchal values have not diminished; and
the belief that they have offers a classic example
of ‘hegemony’: a state where the oppressed
consent to, and accept, their situation because
they are not conscious of being exploited.
page 67
MM40
A post-feminist reading of this might
be that since Beyoncé is openly allowing herself
to be objectified, indeed encouraging it by
looking down the camera playfully and winking
at the audience, she is controlling ‘the gaze’ and
is thus empowered. However, like so many other
post-feminist texts which openly acknowledge
‘the gaze’ in this playful postmodern ‘knowing’
way, we also see a simultaneous reassuring of
patriarchal anxieties.
page 67
